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Sammanfattning

OBJECTIVES – The aim of this epidemiologic study was to determine the impact of smoking on marginal bone loss in a sub-sample derived from an original randomly selected adult sample, after adjusting for oral and general factors. Methods – The number of participants at baseline in this ten-year longitudinal study was 616 (mean age: 42 years, range 21-63 years). The participants underwent a full mouth radiographic survey. After recall in 2003, 473 (77%) of the participants accepted and completed an identical survey. In 2008, the survey was repeated, and 301 (48.9%) individuals were included in this study. The marginal bone level of each tooth was measured in mm. Age, gender, smoking habits, number of teeth, apical periodontitis, crowns and initial marginal bone level was also recorded for each individual. Only individuals who did not report a change in smoking habits during the ten-year period were included in the study. Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate crude and adjusted associations between smoking and marginal bone loss. RESULTS – At the first radiographic survey smokers had a statistically significantly more reduced marginal bone level (in average 0.9 mm) than non-smokers. After 10 years, a progression of a mean marginal bone loss of > 2 mm was statistically significantly more common in smokers than in non-smokers (7.1% and 0%, respectively). Furthermore, a marginal bone loss of 1-2 mm was observed in 29% of the smokers and 19% of the non-smokers, and ≤ 1 mm marginal bone loss was found in 69% of smokers and 81% of non-smokers. Even after adjusting for initial marginal bone level, gender, age, and also presence of apical periodontitis and crowns, the difference in progression of marginal bone loss was still statistically higher in smokers (on average 0.36 mm). CONCLUSIONS – The smokers started out with a more reduced marginal bone level than non-smokers. However, even after adjusting for the initial marginal bone level, the progression of marginal bone loss in smokers was more pronounced than in non-smokers. This shows that smoking is a factor with significant impact on the marginal bone level, and can be assumed to be a true risk factor for marginal bone loss.

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