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BACKGROUND : Treatment with stem cells has given promising results in animal experiments and may be relevant in a variety of diseases, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of pluripotent stem cells grown from blastocysts available after in vitro fertilization or from fetuses raises difficult issues in medical ethics. The same goes for therapeutic cloning. RESULTS : Attitudes to this mode of treatment differ from country to country. In Britain, Parliament has accepted therapeutic cloning (February 2001), while the German Bundestag has banned the procedure. The EU Parliament has recommended European countries not to allow therapeutic cloning, and President George W. Bush takes a more critical stand than did the Clinton administration. DISCUSSION : The debate over embryonal cells and therapeutic cloning involves both scientists and politicians. In Norway, the Biotechnology Advisory Board wants to open up for research on fertilized eggs and for therapeutic cloning. The Storting, Norway's legislature, will have to reach a decision on these issues when the Biotechnology Act come up for revision, probably in 2002. In the debate in Norway, it has been claimed that accepting therapeutic cloning would be a violation of a traditional western norm: Man should always be an end onto himself, never be used as an instrument to other ends. Furthermore, some scientists think that one should use adult stem cells from adults--this also because the procedure seems less risky. Bone marrow transplantation with autologous bone marrow stem cells has been used for 30 years, and recent research has disclosed that such stem cells may be reprogrammed, for instance from bone marrow stem cells to nerve cells.

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